Acute intermittent porphyria: signs and symptoms

- 5 Ps: Pain in the abdomen Polyneuropathy Psychological abnormalities Pink urine

Acute ischemia: signs [especially limbs]

- 6 P's: Pain Pallor Pulselessness Paralysis

Anemia (normocytic): causes

Acute blood loss Bone marrow failure Chronic disease Destruction (hemolysis) ABCD

Anemia causes (simplified)

Anemia of chronic disease No folate or B12 Ethanol Marrow failure & hemaglobinopathies Iron deficient Acute & chronic blood loss

Atherosclerosis risk factors

Sex: male Age: middle-aged, elderly Diabetes mellitus BP high: hypertension Elevated cholesterol Tobacco

Cushing syndrome

Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber weakness/ Comedones (acne) Urinary free corisol and glucose increase Striae/ Suppressed immunity Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids) Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms)

Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II

- ketONEbodies are seen in type ONEdiabetes.

Gallstones: risk factors

- 5 F's Fat Female Fair (gallstones more common in Caucasians) Fertile (premenopausal- increased estrogen is thought to increase cholesterol levels in bile and decrease gallbladder contractions)

Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal lab findings

- P seduogout crystals are P ositive birefringent P Polygon shaped Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals. Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi.

Hepatomegaly: 3 common causes, 3 rarer causes

- Common are 3 C's: Cirrhosis Carcinoma Cardiac failure Rarer are 3 C's:

Hyperkalemia (signs and symptoms)

Muscle weakness Urine: oliguria, anuria Respiratory distress Decreased cardiac contractility EKG changes Reflexes: Hyperreflexia or areflexia (flaccid)

Hypernatremia (signs and symptoms)

FRIED Fever (low), Flushed skin Restless (irritable) Increased fluid retention, Increased blood pressure Edema (peripheral and pitting) Decreased urinary output, Dry mouth

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: which has cobblestones

- Crohn's has Cobblestones on endoscopy.

Kwashiorkor: distinguishing from Marasmus

Fatty Liver Anemia Malabsorption Edema

Morphine: effects

Miosis Orthostatic hypotension Respiratory depression Pain suppression Histamine release/Hormonal alterations Increased ICT

PKU findings

Pale hair, skin Krazy (neurological abnormalities) Unpleasant smell PKU

Pancreatitis: causes

Idiopathic Gallstones Ethanol Trauma Steroids Mumps

Pericarditis findings

Pulsus paradoxus ECG changes Rub Increased JVP Chest pain worse on inspiration, better when leaning forward

Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine

Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine). Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat). "MorPHINE:Fine. AmPHETamine:Fat"