Acute intermittent porphyria: signs and symptoms

- 5 Ps: Pain in the abdomen Polyneuropathy Psychological abnormalities Pink urine

Acute ischemia: signs [especially limbs]

- 6 P's: Pain Pallor Pulselessness Paralysis

Anemia (normocytic): causes

Acute blood loss Bone marrow failure Chronic disease Destruction (hemolysis) ABCD

Anemia causes (simplified)

Anemia of chronic disease No folate or B12 Ethanol Marrow failure & hemaglobinopathies Iron deficient Acute & chronic blood loss

Atherosclerosis risk factors

Sex: male Age: middle-aged, elderly Diabetes mellitus BP high: hypertension Elevated cholesterol Tobacco

Carcinoid syndrome: components

Cutaneous flushing Asthmatic wheezing Right sided valvular heart lesions Cramping and diarrhea CARCinoid

Cushing syndrome

Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber weakness/ Comedones (acne) Urinary free corisol and glucose increase Striae/ Suppressed immunity Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids) Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms)

Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II

- ketONEbodies are seen in type ONEdiabetes.

Gallstones: risk factors

- 5 F's Fat Female Fair (gallstones more common in Caucasians) Fertile (premenopausal- increased estrogen is thought to increase cholesterol levels in bile and decrease gallbladder contractions)

Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal lab findings

- P seduogout crystals are P ositive birefringent P Polygon shaped Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals. Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi.

Hepatomegaly: 3 common causes, 3 rarer causes

- Common are 3 C's: Cirrhosis Carcinoma Cardiac failure Rarer are 3 C's:

Hypernatremia (signs and symptoms)

FRIED Fever (low), Flushed skin Restless (irritable) Increased fluid retention, Increased blood pressure Edema (peripheral and pitting) Decreased urinary output, Dry mouth

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: which has cobblestones

- Crohn's has Cobblestones on endoscopy.

Kwashiorkor: distinguishing from Marasmus

Fatty Liver Anemia Malabsorption Edema

Morphine: effects

Miosis Orthostatic hypotension Respiratory depression Pain suppression Histamine release/Hormonal alterations Increased ICT

PKU findings

Pale hair, skin Krazy (neurological abnormalities) Unpleasant smell PKU

Pancreatitis: causes

Idiopathic Gallstones Ethanol Trauma Steroids Mumps

Pericarditis findings

Pulsus paradoxus ECG changes Rub Increased JVP Chest pain worse on inspiration, better when leaning forward

Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine

Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine). Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat). "MorPHINE:Fine. AmPHETamine:Fat"